Namibia

Namibia is a geographically large country with a land mass of 823,290km2, a 1,500km-long coastline on the South Atlantic, a population of 2.6 million people and a GDP of US$12.1bn. It shares borders with Angola, Botswana, South Africa and Zambia. Namibia is rich in mineral resources, including diamonds and uranium.

In the late 19th century, the region was colonised by Germany as South West Africa, and resistance to German rule was followed by the genocide of Herero and Namaqua people between 1904 and 1907, for which Germany formally apologised in 2004. In 2023 Germany agreed to pay reparations of US$1.2bn over thirty years.

Namibia is a desert country and the driest country in sub-Saharan Africa. It is rich in wildlife and in northern Namibia, German scientists discovered a fresh-water aquifer 300 metres below the surface containing roughly 5 billion cubic metres of potable water, which estimates suggest could supply the north of the country for 400 years at current rates of consumption.
Key industries in Namibia are mining, tourism and agriculture. The economy grew by an estimated 3.8% in 2022 to reach US$12.1bn where the mining industry contributed 12.2% to GDP and 2.2% to employment in 2022 and accounted for 27.5% of export earnings in 2021.

In the last two years, oil exploration has uncovered oil and gas reserves of approximately 5 billion barrels in the Kavango and Orange Basins in northern Namibia, compared with the 7 billion barrels of reserves in Angola’s Cabinda region. The drilling and seismic data interpretations indicate a rift basin similar to that of the major oil-producing basins in the North Sea, and further discoveries are expected. Explorers in Namibia include Canada’s Recon Africa, Dutch oil company Shell, Qatar Energy and Norway’s BW Energy.

Namibia produces copper, diamonds, dimension stone, gold, iron ore, lead, limestone, lithium, manganese, salt, semi-precious stones, silver, tantalum, tin, uranium and zinc, and contains unexploited deposits of cobalt, fluorspar, graphite, nickel, phosphate, rare earth elements and vanadium.

Mining is the dominant economic activity particularly of diamonds and uranium, and contributes about 25% of export earnings, making GDP dependent on world commodity prices. Manufacturing and services, especially banking and tourism, are also important sectors as is wildlife conservation, which supports tourism and contributes to rural employment. Agriculture makes a small contribution to GDP, as it is mostly subsistence livestock raising, but it is an important livelihood activity for about half the population.

Namibia is Africa’s largest producer of uranium, second largest producer of salt, after Tunisia, the fourth largest producer of lead, after Nigeria, Morocco, and South Africa, the fourth largest producer of tin, after Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Nigeria and Rwanda; and the fourth largest producer of zinc, after South Africa, Eritrea, and Burkina Faso.


Sources: Who Owns Whom sector reports, CIA Factbook, African Development Bank, World Bank, Trading Economics, African Statistical Yearbook and IMF.