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    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South Africa 2021

    Stephen Timm | South Africa | 30 July 2021

    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South Africa 2019

    Marc Bosman | South Africa | 12 September 2019

    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South africa 2017

    Marc Bosman | South Africa | 31 July 2017

    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South Africa 2015

    Marc Bosman | South Africa | 29 October 2015

    Report Info

    Report Summary Table of Contents
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    Report Coverage

    This report focuses on the manufacture of batteries and includes comprehensive information on the state of the sector including primary, automotive, energy storage, industrial and lithium-ion batteries, electric vehicles, technology, recycling and other environmental factors. There are profiles of nine companies including Eveready, the only primary battery manufacturer in South Africa and other major brands such as Energizer and Duracell. Other companies profiled include AutoX, involved in the automotive battery replacement market, and First National Battery (under Metindustrial), a major player in the original equipment manufacturer sector, and a supplier of industrial batteries.

    Introduction

    This report focuses on the manufacture of batteries, an industry which is expected to experience significant demand for lithium-ion batteries following the recent announcements by a number of countries to ban internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and promote electric vehicles (EVs) in the coming decade. While South Africa has no lithium-ion battery cell manufacturers, several companies are involved in battery pack assembly. Demand for all types of batteries is also expected to come from the rollout of renewable energy projects, as industry looks for cleaner, affordable and more reliable energy options to Eskom, as the country’s intermittent power outages continue. Indicative of this is that the value of lithium-ion batteries imports grew by 115.4% between 2019 and 2020, from R1.3bn to R2.8bn. President Cyril Ramaphosa announced in June 2021 that the Electricity Regulation Act would be amended to increase the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (Nersa) licensing threshold for embedded generation projects from 1MW to 100MW. The amendment is expected to propel new power projects, including renewable energy projects which require battery storage. While production by local manufacturers was initially affected when the pandemic began, it has since begun to recover. The battery sector is driven by research and development and a number of initiatives are underway to improve technologies. One opportunity is the recycling and reuse of batteries, as under the Waste Act, disposal of any type of battery will be banned from landfills from 23 August 2021.

    Strengths

    • A large portion of components come from recycled material or locally-manufactured components.
    • A successful recycling programme in the lead-acid market.
    • A vibrant battery pack assembling market.
    • Dedicated and proven products for the industrial, vehicle and household consumer markets.
    • Southern Africa has key battery minerals and significant manganese reserves. High levels of R&D globally and locally.
    • Strong distribution networks focused on the FMCG market.

    Weaknesses

    • Skills shortages, particularly in the lithium-ion value chain.
    • Small market size makes it difficult to make electric vehicle manufacturing for the domestic market viable.
    • The lead acid market is primarily dependent on the automotive industry which is adversely affected by the economic climate.
    • Virtually no viable lithium-ion deposits.

    Opportunities

    • Electrification of buses and minibus taxis, as well as supplying EVs to fleet owners.
    • Growing energy storage opportunities with electricity utilities and independent power purchase opportunities from growing renewable energy deployments.
    • Growing export markets through the Automotive Production and Development Programme.
    • Increasing infrastructure spend in Africa and other fast-growing emerging markets may increase demand for energy storage equipment.
    • Rapidly declining KWh battery costs due to increasing gigafactories and production efficiency improvements.

    Threats

    • Currency volatility.
    • Declining margins in an increasingly competitive volumes driven industry.
    • Increasing demand for key battery metals may result in price increases
    • Increasing labour costs.
    • The battery recycling sector notes increased volumes of battery waste required for electric vehicle battery production could result in shortages of active and raw materials.
    • The increasing cost of staying at the forefront of rapid battery technological advancement.
    • The risk of July 2021’s unrest leading to a long-term decline in investment in South Africa, which could impact negatively on the sector.

    Outlook

    Battery demand in South Africa is being driven mainly by industry’s and homeowners’ need for more reliable and affordable energy storage, amid continuing power cuts by Eskom, and the construction of new wind and solar projects. The June 2021 announcement that the National Energy Regulator of South Africa licensing threshold for embedded generation projects would be raised from 1MW to 100MW will likely result in more renewable energy projects coming on line, which will benefit the battery storage segment. In addition, the 12,000MW Renewable Energy Independent Power Purchase Programme is expected to roll out between June 2022 and 2030 and includes allowances to purchase 513MW of energy storage and a further 6,800MW of solar and wind. The automotive battery segment will see a steady recovery, with Naamsa expecting new domestic vehicle sales to grow 15% in 2021 and for exports to increase by 20%. A full recovery in exports to pre-pandemic levels is only expected in the next two to five years. It is not clear at present how unrest in July 2021 will affect vehicle sales, but most analysts expect it to lead to a decline in investment in the short-term. Lithium-ion sales will likely outpace those for lead-acid batteries, with strong demand for energy storage solutions, which are increasingly being powered by lithium-ion batteries, expected to continue given ongoing load shedding in South Africa. South Africa is also investigating how it can take part in the lithium-ion battery value chain and several projects in mineral beneficiation and manufacturing of components are expected to come online in coming years.

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    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South Africa
    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South Africa 2021

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    Industry Landscape

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    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South Africa 2019-09-12

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    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South africa 2017-07-31

    R 1 900.00(ZAR) estimated $103.78 (USD)*

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    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South Africa 2015-10-29

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    Table of Contents

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    PAGE
    1. INTRODUCTION 1
    2. DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY 1
    2.1. Industry Value Chain 2
    2.2. Geographic Position 7
    3. SIZE OF THE INDUSTRY 9
    4. STATE OF THE INDUSTRY 16
    4.1. Local 16
    4.1.1. Trade 34
    4.1.2. Corporate Actions 38
    4.1.3. Regulations 39
    4.1.4. Enterprise Development and Social Economic Development 41
    4.2. Continental 42
    4.3. International 46
    5. INFLUENCING FACTORS 57
    5.1. Coronavirus 57
    5.2. Economic Environment 57
    5.3. Government Initiatives 59
    5.4. Supply and Demand Impacts 61
    5.5. Rising Operating Costs 63
    5.6. Technology, Research and Development (R&D) and Innovation 65
    5.7. Labour 73
    5.8. Cyclicality 74
    5.9. Environmental 75
    6. COMPETITION 79
    6.1. Barriers to Entry 80
    7. SWOT ANALYSIS 80
    8. OUTLOOK 81
    9. INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS 82
    10. REFERENCES 82
    10.1. Publications 82
    10.2. Websites 83
    APPENDIX 1 85
    Summary of Notable players 85
    COMPANY PROFILES 87
    AUTOX (PTY) LTD 87
    DONAVENTA HOLDINGS (PTY) LTD 89
    DURACELL SOUTH AFRICA (PTY) LTD 91
    ENERGIZER (SOUTH AFRICA) LTD 92
    EVEREADY (PTY) LTD 94
    METINDUSTRIAL (PTY) LTD 97
    POTENSA (PTY) LTD 100
    PROBE CORPORATION (SOUTH AFRICA) (PTY) LTD 102
    SOLGUARD (PTY) LTD 104

    Report Coverage

    This report focuses on the manufacture of batteries with information on the size and state of the industry and the factors that influence it. It includes comprehensive information on primary, lithium-ion, automotive and electric vehicle batteries, energy storage and giant and industrial batteries. There are profiles of nine companies including Metindustrial, the Metair division that includes First National Battery, the market leader. There are profiles of Probe Corporation, in which Thesele Group acquired 49.95%, major automotive battery manufacturer AutoX and household names Eveready, Energizer and Duracell.

    Introduction

    This report focuses on the manufacture of batteries, an industry which has continued to claw back to 2015 volumes despite a difficult economic environment and fierce competition. The strength of the automotive and independent power producer industry bodies and programmes continue to stimulate industry growth, supported by government initiatives, tax incentives and strong energy security research and development activity. 2018 was another challenging year due to pressure on consumers’ disposable income, declining employment, tightening credit conditions and an ongoing uncertain and increasingly polarised local political and global trade environment. Yet opportunity abounds due to increasing renewable generation and energy storage investment, partly to counter the increasing risk of an Eskom failure. Extrapolating figures produced by the SA Green Fund in 2012 puts annual battery consumption at approximately 105 million batteries in South Africa. In the automotive sector, the domestic manufacturing sector has the capacity to produce approximately 5 million batteries annually, with industry leader First National Battery (FNB), owned by Metair, producing approximately 2 million batteries in 2018.

    Strengths

    • A large portion of components come from recycled material or locally-manufactured components.
    • A successful recycling programme in the lead acid market.
    • Dedicated and proven products for the industrial, vehicle and household consumer markets.
    • High levels of R&D globally and locally.
    • South Africa has significant manganese reserves and spare production capacity for future EMD production.
    • Strong distribution networks focused on the FMCG market.

    Weaknesses

    • Global EMD production is concentrated in a few countries and subject to trade friction and aggressive price competition due to over-capacity.
    • The lead acid market is primarily dependent on the automotive industry which is adversely affected by the economic climate.
    • Virtually no viable lithium-ion deposits.

    Opportunities

    • Government initiatives.
    • Growing energy storage opportunities with electricity utilities.
    • Growing export markets through the Automotive Production and Development Programme
    • Increasing infrastructure spend in Africa and other fast-growing emerging markets may increase demand for energy storage equipment.
    • Rapidly declining KWh battery costs due to increasing gigafactories and production efficiency improvements.

    Threats

    • Currency volatility in fast-growing emerging markets.
    • Declining margins in an increasingly competitive volumes driven industry.
    • Increasing labour costs.
    • Increasing penetration of private label products in the market diluting major brand market share.
    • The battery recycling sector notes increased volumes of battery waste required for electric vehicle battery production could result in shortages of active and raw materials.
    • The increasing cost of staying at the forefront of rapid battery technological advancement.

    Outlook

    Success for industry players at a technology level will depend on decisions they have made concerning battery chemistries and the technology management platforms they provide or integrate with. At a partner level, success will depend on the performance of the OEM, automobile or energy partners with whom they are aligned and the performance of domestic and foreign economies. Analysts note that growth is inevitable due to commitments by every major vehicle manufacturer to manufacture millions of electric vehicles by 2025. There are similar opportunities in aircraft production and energy storage, but this will be offset by increasing competition. The electric revolution is gaining momentum, and future demand is predicted to be largely determined by:
    • Asian electronics companies focused on high-performance lithium-ion batteries and rechargeable batteries for everyday use;
    • Automobile manufacturers, and,
    • Decentralised energy storage systems, which will generate the greatest demand of the three.Industry growth is inevitable, but competition will be fierce and the ongoing trade wars and Brexit will cause continuing uncertainty, there will be investment losses, big winners and casualties.

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    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South Africa
    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South Africa 2019

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    R 1 900.00(ZAR) estimated $103.78 (USD)*

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    Industry Landscape

    R 1 330.00(ZAR) estimated $ 72.65 (USD)*

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    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South Africa 2021-07-30

    R 1 900.00(ZAR) estimated $103.78 (USD)*

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    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South africa 2017-07-31

    R 1 900.00(ZAR) estimated $103.78 (USD)*

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    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South Africa 2015-10-29

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    Table of Contents

    [ Close ]
    PAGE
    1. INTRODUCTION 1
    2. DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY 1
    2.1. Industry Value Chain 2
    2.2. Geographic Position 4
    3. SIZE OF THE INDUSTRY 5
    4. STATE OF THE INDUSTRY 10
    4.1. Local 10
    4.1.1. Corporate Actions 16
    4.1.2. Regulations 17
    4.1.3. Enterprise Development and Social Economic Development 19
    4.2. Continental 20
    4.3. International 21
    5. INFLUENCING FACTORS 24
    5.1. Economic Environment 24
    5.2. Government Initiatives 26
    5.3. Supply and Demand Impacts 28
    5.4. Rising Operating Costs 29
    5.5. Technology, Research and Development (R&D) and Innovation 30
    5.6. Labour 37
    5.7. Cyclicality 38
    5.8. Environmental 38
    6. COMPETITION 42
    6.1. Barriers to Entry 43
    7. SWOT ANALYSIS 43
    8. OUTLOOK 44
    9. INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS 45
    10. REFERENCES 45
    10.1. Publications 45
    10.2. Websites 51
    APPENDIX 1 54
    Summary of Notable players 54
    COMPANY PROFIILES 56
    AUTOX (PTY) LTD 56
    DONAVENTA HOLDINGS (PTY) LTD 58
    DURACELL SOUTH AFRICA (PTY) LTD 60
    ENERGIZER (SOUTH AFRICA) LTD 61
    EVEREADY (PTY) LTD 63
    JUST BATTERIES (PTY) LTD 66
    METINDUSTRIAL (PTY) LTD 68
    PROBE CORPORATION (SOUTH AFRICA) (PTY) LTD 71
    SOLGUARD (PTY) LTD 73

    Report coverage

    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries and EMD describes the current developments and trends in the sector, the growth in the energy storage market as electricity prices increase and factors that influence the success of local manufacturers. The report also profiles six companies that manufacture locally, including Solguard (Pty) Ltd t/a BlueNova, which was established in June 2015 and specialises in the development and manufacture of Energy Storage Solutions. Also profiled are companies that import batteries, including Duracell which was procured from Procter and Gamble by Berkshire Hathaway in 2016.

    Report coverage

    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries and EMD describes the current developments and trends in the sector, the growth in the energy storage market as electricity prices increase and factors that influence the success of local manufacturers. The report also profiles six companies that manufacture locally, including Solguard (Pty) Ltd t/a BlueNova, which was established in June 2015 and specialises in the development and manufacture of Energy Storage Solutions. Also profiled are companies that import batteries, including Duracell which was procured from Procter and Gamble by Berkshire Hathaway in 2016.

    Introduction

    This report focuses on the manufacture of batteries, an industry which acknowledged 2016 as an extremely difficult year due to pressure on consumers’ disposable income, declining employment, tightening credit conditions and political developments that resulted in gradual economic decline culminating in a recession in Q2 2017. The Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) estimates 50 million batteries are sold in South Africa each year. In the automotive sector the domestic manufacturing sector has the capacity to produce approximately 5 million batteries annually, with industry leader First National Battery (FNB) producing approximately 2.1 million batteries in 2016.

    Strengths

    • A large portion of components come from recycled material or locally manufactured components.
    • A successful recycling programme within the lead acid market.
    • Dedicated and proven products for the industrial, vehicle and household consumer markets
    • High levels of R&D globally and locally.
    • South Africa has significant manganese reserves and spare production capacity for future EMD production.
    • Strong distribution networks focused on the FMCG market

    Weaknesses

    • The lead acid market is primarily dependent on the automotive industry which is adversely affected by the economic climate.
    • There is only one local manufacturer of non-lead acid batteries.
    • Virtually no viable Lithium deposits.Global EMD production is concentrated in a few countries and subject to trade friction and aggressive price competition due to over-capacity.

    Opportunities

    • Escalating EV market penetration indicates automotive Lithium-ion cell demand and supply may be matched by 2020.
    • Growing energy storage opportunities with electricity utilities.
    • Growing export markets through the APDP.
    • Increasing infrastructure spend in Africa and other fast-growing emerging markets may increase demand for energy storage equipment.

    Threats

    • Currency volatility in fast-growing emerging markets.
    • Declining margins in an increasingly competitive volumes driven industry.
    • Increasing labour costs
    • Increasing penetration of private label (house-brand) products in the market diluting major brand market share.
    • The battery recycling sector notes increased volumes of battery waste required for EV battery production could result in shortages of active and raw materials.
    • The increasing cost of staying at the forefront of rapid battery technological advancement.

    Outlook

    In this dynamic and increasingly complex technology environment, success for industry players will hinge on the strategic technology decisions they have made concerning battery chemistries, the technology platforms and technology partners selected for integration into solutions, the performance of the OEM, automobile or energy partners with whom they are aligned and the performance of domestic and foreign economies. Analysts believe there will be growth, but this will be countered by increasing competition from traditional competitors as well as other industries. Overall, role players forecast 2017 will deliver much the same as 2016 despite the opportunities for growth, as a result of shrinking GDP, the current recession, anticipated increased energy costs, ongoing political strife and an unsettled labour environment.

    Read More..
    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South africa
    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South africa 2017

    Full Report

    R 1 900.00(ZAR) estimated $103.78 (USD)*

    Buy Now +

    Industry Landscape

    R 1 330.00(ZAR) estimated $ 72.65 (USD)*

    Buy Now +

    Historical Reports

    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South Africa 2021-07-30

    R 1 900.00(ZAR) estimated $103.78 (USD)*

    View Report Add to Cart

    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South Africa 2019-09-12

    R 1 900.00(ZAR) estimated $103.78 (USD)*

    View Report Add to Cart

    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South Africa 2015-10-29

    R 1 900.00(ZAR) estimated $103.78 (USD)*

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    Table of Contents

    [ Close ]
    PAGE
    1. INTRODUCTION 1
    2. DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY 1
    2.1. Industry Value Chain 2
    2.2. Geographic Position 3
    3. SIZE OF THE INDUSTRY 4
    4. STATE OF THE INDUSTRY 6
    4.1. Local 6
    4.1.1. Corporate Actions 12
    4.1.2. Regulations 13
    4.1.3. Enterprise Development and Social Economic Development 15
    4.2. Continental 15
    4.3. International 17
    5. INFLUENCING FACTORS 20
    5.1. Economic Environment 20
    5.2. Government Initiatives 20
    5.3. Supply and Demand Impacts 22
    5.4. Rising Operating Costs 22
    5.5. Technology, Research and Development (R&D) and Innovation 23
    5.6. Labour 27
    5.7. Cyclicality 28
    5.8. Environmental 28
    6. COMPETITION 30
    6.1. Barriers to Entry 31
    7. SWOT ANALYSIS 31
    8. OUTLOOK 32
    9. INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS 33
    10. REFERENCES 33
    10.1. Publications 33
    10.2. Websites 37
    COMPANY PROFILES 38
    AUTOX (PTY) LTD 38
    CIRCUIT BREAKER INDUSTRIES (PTY) LTD 40
    DONAVENTA HOLDINGS (PTY) LTD 43
    DURACELL SOUTH AFRICA (PTY) LTD 45
    ENERGIZER (SOUTH AFRICA) LTD 47
    EVEREADY (PTY) LTD 49
    JUST BATTERIES (PTY) LTD 52
    METINDUSTRIAL (PTY) LTD 54
    SOLGUARD (PTY) LTD 57

    Report Coverage

    This report describes the current situation in the country, examines the increasingly competitive market and focuses on factors influencing the sector’s success, including the development of an industry Waste Management Plan and the importance of research and development into new, innovative technologies. The report also profiles seven local companies, including the four dominant manufacturers, Dixon, Eveready, First National Battery and Powertech.

    Introduction

    This report focuses on the manufacturing and supply of batteries and Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) in South Africa. The automotive, industrial and retail markets are the primary markets for batteries in South Africa. The Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) estimates that 50 million batteries are sold in South Africa each year. Furthermore, the domestic industry has the capacity to produce approximately 5 million automotive batteries per annum, according to the International Trade Administration Commission of South Africa (ITAC). Delta EMD, the only local manufacturer of EMD, decided in 2014 to cease operations and sell off assets.

    Strengths

    • A large portion of components come from re-cycled material or locally manufactured components.
    • Dedicated and proven products for the industrial, vehicle and household consumer markets.
    • High levels of R&D globally and locally.
    • South Africa has significant manganese reserves and spare production capacity for future EMD production.
    • Strong distribution networks focused on the FMCG market.
    • The success of the one for one system has resulted in a successful recycling programme within the lead-acid market.

    Weaknesses

    • A single local manufacturer of non-lead-acid batteries in South Africa.
    • Global EMD production is concentrated in a few countries and subject to trade friction and aggressive price competition due to over-capacity.
    • The lead-acid market is dependent on the automotive industry which is adversely affected by the current economic climate.

    Opportunities

    • As technologies incorporating EMD develop, demand will rise.
    • Changes in technology especially within the EV market offer future opportunities for manufacturers.
    • Increasing infrastructure spend in Africa may increase demand for energy storage equipment.
    • Rising costs of electricity has resulted in an increase of alternative energy sources and the need to store this energy for personal home use using batteries.
    • The implementation of the APDP.

    Threats

    • Increasing penetration of private label products in the market.
    • Less expensive and imported products available through retailers.
    • The increasing cost associated with labour.
    • The rising cost of electricity is a major concern for manufacturers.

    Outlook

    Industry trends in personal devices which drive increasing commoditisation, lower power consumption, better and cheaper rechargeable batteries and new power sources are placing pressure on a traditionally lucrative sector. Rising electricity costs will drive increasing demand for storage batteries. Analysts note that battery manufacturers will need to make batteries cheaper by reducing input costs, automating more, recycling more lead or lithium, and reducing sales and distribution costs. Battery innovation is making the industry more affordable, more reliable, more scalable and more compatible with the solar industry. However, the competitive structure of the global Lithium-ion battery market remains fragmented, market consolidation and casualties are expected, few small participants are expected to survive the expected rapid decline in prices, escalating research and development costs and the increasing entry of large global players from the energy sector.

    Read More..
    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South Africa
    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South Africa 2015

    Full Report

    R 1 900.00(ZAR) estimated $103.78 (USD)*

    Buy Now +

    Industry Landscape

    R 1 330.00(ZAR) estimated $ 72.65 (USD)*

    Buy Now +

    Historical Reports

    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South Africa 2021-07-30

    R 1 900.00(ZAR) estimated $103.78 (USD)*

    View Report Add to Cart

    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South Africa 2019-09-12

    R 1 900.00(ZAR) estimated $103.78 (USD)*

    View Report Add to Cart

    The Manufacture and Supply of Batteries Industry in South africa 2017-07-31

    R 1 900.00(ZAR) estimated $103.78 (USD)*

    View Report Add to Cart

    Table of Contents

    [ Close ]
    PAGE
    1. INTRODUCTION 1
    2. DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY 1
    2.1. Industry Value Chain 2
    2.2. Geographic Position 3
    3. SIZE OF THE INDUSTRY 3
    4. STATE OF THE INDUSTRY 6
    4.1. Local 6
    4.1.1. Electric Vehicle Batteries and Energy Storage 8
    4.1.2. Corporate Actions 9
    4.1.3. Regulations and Government Programmes 10
    4.1.4. Enterprise Development and Social Economic Development 11
    4.2. Continental 12
    4.3. International 13
    4.3.1. Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage 14
    4.3.2. EMD 15
    5. INFLUENCING FACTORS 15
    5.1. Economic Environment 15
    5.2. Labour 16
    5.3. Rising Input Costs 16
    5.4. Cyclicality 17
    5.5. Environmental Concerns 17
    6. COMPETITION 19
    6.1. Barriers to Entry 21
    6.2. Research and Development (R&D) 21
    6.3. Innovation 22
    7. SWOT ANALYSIS 24
    8. OUTLOOK 25
    9. INDUSTRY ASSOCIATIONS 25
    10. REFERENCES 26
    10.1. Publications 26
    10.2. Websites 26
    COMPANY PROFILES 28
    CIRCUIT BREAKER INDUSTRIES (PTY) LTD 28
    DONAVENTA HOLDINGS (PTY) LTD 31
    ENERGIZER (SOUTH AFRICA) LTD 33
    EVEREADY (PTY) LTD 35
    METINDUSTRIAL (PTY) LTD 38
    POWERTECH INDUSTRIES (PTY) LTD 41
    PROCTER AND GAMBLE SA (PTY) LTD 43

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